Factors affecting procedural pain in children during and immediately after intramuscular botulinum toxin injections for spasticity.
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
9-26-2018
Identifier
DOI: 10.3233/PRM-170516
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate variables that modulate pain during intramuscular botulinum toxin A injections in children.
METHODS: As part of a Quality Improvement project, this retrospective analysis compared reported pain during and five minutes post injections with patient and procedural variables using subgroup and regression analyses (N= 593 procedures with 249 unique patients).
RESULTS: Mean procedural pain for all procedures (n= 563) was 3.8 ± 3.0. Most children reported no pain (83.8%) or mild pain (12.1%) five minutes after the procedure. Provider, previous patient experience, and dose did not significantly impact pain. Linear regression analysis (R=2 0.64) demonstrated that younger age (p< 0.05), use of vapo-coolant spray or topical anesthetic (p< 0.01), and body region injected (p< 0.01) were significantly associated with increased procedural pain. Logistic regression (R=2 0.14) demonstrated that pain during the procedure (p< 0.001) and older age (p< 0.01) increased the likelihood of pain post-procedure. Utilization of personnel for distraction did not significantly predict pain ratings at either time point.
CONCLUSION: Age, topical anesthesia, and injected region impact procedural pain and in nearly 96% of cases, patients report mild or no pain within five minutes. Additional research into these predictors is necessary, but short-lived procedural pain may suggest that frequent use of sedation/anesthesia is unnecessary.
Journal Title
J Pediatr Rehabil Med
Volume
11
Issue
3
First Page
193
Last Page
197
MeSH Keywords
Age Factors; Anesthesia, Local; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Cerebral Palsy; Child; Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Muscle Spasticity; Pain Measurement; Pain, Procedural; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors
Keywords
Botulinum toxin; chemoneurolysis; pain; pediatrics; spasticity
Recommended Citation
Fisher MT, Zigler CK, Houtrow AJ. Factors affecting procedural pain in children during and immediately after intramuscular botulinum toxin injections for spasticity. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2018;11(3):193-197. doi:10.3233/PRM-170516
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