Document Type

Article

Publication Date

3-1-2017

Identifier

PMCID: PMC5642285 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3491-5

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to characterize the nutrient intake of children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) relative to recommended intake levels.

METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of dietary intake assessed by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in The North American Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) prospective cohort study. Nutrient intake was analyzed to estimate the daily consumption levels of various nutrients and compared with national guidelines for intake.

RESULTS: There were 658 FFQs available for analysis; 69.9 % of respondents were boys, with a median age [Interquartile range (IQR)] of 11 years (8-15). Median daily sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intake was 3089 mg (2294-4243), 2384 mg (1804-3076), and 1206 mg (894-1612) respectively. Sodium and phosphorus consumptions were higher than recommended in all age groups. Caloric intake decreased with dropping glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p = 0.003). The median daily caloric intakes were 1307 kcal in male children 2-3 years old, 1875 kcal in children 4-8 years old, 1923 kcal in those 9-13 years old, and 2427 kcal in those 14-18 years old. Respective levels for girls were 1467 kcal, 1736 kcal, 1803 kcal, and 2281 kcal. Median protein intake exceeded recommended levels in all age groups, particularly among younger participants. Younger children were more likely than older children to exceed the recommended intakes for phosphorus (p < 0.001) and the age-specific recommended caloric intake (p < 0.001). Macronutrient distribution (carbohydrate:fat:protein) was consistent with recommendation.

CONCLUSIONS: Children in the CKiD cohort consumed more sodium, phosphorus, protein, and calories than recommended. The gap between actual consumption and recommendations indicates a need for improved nutritional counseling and monitoring.

Journal Title

Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)

Volume

32

Issue

3

First Page

485

Last Page

494

MeSH Keywords

Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Diet Surveys; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Energy Intake; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Infant; Male; Nutritional Requirements; Nutritional Status; Phosphorus; Prospective Studies; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Surveys and Questionnaires

Keywords

CKD; Chronic kidney disease; Dietary assessment; Nutrient intake

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