Development and Validation of the Scale for Pain Self-Efficacy (SPaSE) in German and English Languages for Children and Adolescents.
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
6-2023
Identifier
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.01.007
Abstract
No validated measure for pain self-efficacy in children and adolescents is currently available in the German language, and existing English versions have limitations. This study used a thorough development process to create the Scale for Pain Self-Efficacy (SPaSE) in both German and English languages. Scale development was based on self-efficacy theory, adapting items from existing self-efficacy measures, and review of patients' perspectives. The final version of the 11-item SPaSE was created with expert discussions and testing of content validity, comprehensibility, and construct validity. The validation process consisted of exploratory factor analysis, testing of item characteristics, internal consistency, and sensitivity to change in 2 German samples of children and adolescents with chronic pain (study 1: outpatient sample N = 150, inpatient sample N = 31). Cross-validation in a U.S. sample (study 2: N = 98) confirmed the 1-factor structure, the sound psychometric properties and reliability of the SPaSE. Sum scores of the SPaSE were negatively correlated with pain-related disability, pain intensity, passive pain coping strategies, and emotional distress, in line with previous research. The valid and reliable SPaSE can be used in clinical practice to monitor pain treatment progress, advances the field of pain self-efficacy research in Germany, and opens the door to comparative research in German and English samples. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents psychometric properties of a newly developed measure of pain self-efficacy in children and adolescents that is available in both German and English language. This measure could be used in both research and clinical practice to measure treatment progress and outcome.
Journal Title
The journal of pain : official journal of the American Pain Society
Volume
24
Issue
6
First Page
1069
Last Page
1079
MeSH Keywords
Humans; Adolescent; Child; Self Efficacy; Reproducibility of Results; Surveys and Questionnaires; Language; Chronic Pain; Psychometrics
Keywords
Pain self-efficacy; children and adolescents; chronic pain; scale development; validation
Recommended Citation
Stahlschmidt L, Dogan M, Hübner-Möhler B, et al. Development and Validation of the Scale for Pain Self-Efficacy (SPaSE) in German and English Languages for Children and Adolescents. J Pain. 2023;24(6):1069-1079. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.01.007
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