Document Type

Article

Publication Date

8-24-2025

Identifier

DOI: 10.3390/cancers17172756; PMCID: PMC12427525

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer among males. Approximately 20-40% of patients with clinically localized PCa will present with a biochemical recurrence after a radical prostatectomy (RP), while some will present with recurrent metastasis. Monitoring the disease post-treatment is crucial for detecting a potential cancer recurrence early. Urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have shown potential to detect PCa. However, their application in disease monitoring remains unexplored.

METHODS: A total of 165 urine samples were collected from male adults with biopsy-designated PCa-positive results before (n = 55) and after a RP (n = 55), and with biopsy-designated PCa-negative diagnosis (n = 55). The post-RP cohort was subdivided into three groups based on their health status after surgery as recovered healthy, biochemical recurrence, and recurrent metastasis. VOCs in the urine samples were extracted by stir bar sorptive extraction and analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. We explored the use of metabolomics and a machine learning algorithm tool to investigate the potential of using VOCs for differentiating PCa diagnoses before and after the RP procedure with different outcomes.

RESULTS: Over 100 potential VOCs were identified to differentiate PCa patients before and after a RP, and those with biochemical recurrence and recurrent metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS: Urinary VOCs are promising biomarkers that could be used to differentiate PCa patients pre- and post-RP. The findings from this research provide preliminary insights and could aid future investigations in developing tools for PCa patients after treatment. The absence of a validation cohort limits the reproducibility and translational impact of these findings; therefore, the results should be considered exploratory and require confirmation in larger, independent cohorts.

Journal Title

Cancers (Basel)

Volume

17

Issue

17

First Page

2756

PubMed ID

40940853

Keywords

GC-MS; PLS-DA; VOCs; biochemical recurrence; metastatic recurrence; prostate cancer diagnosis; radical prostatectomy; urinary biomarkers; volatile organic compounds

Comments

Grants and funding

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Publisher's Link: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/17/17/2756

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